Microtome.



PATENTED DEC. l0, 1907. R. H. PIETZSCH. MIGROTOME. APPLICATION FILED JAN. 4. 1905.

5 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

.NN h. WN

www ...-m.

MA .A

NMKI

R. H. PIETZSCH.

MICROTOME.

-APPLIoATIoN FILED JAN. 4. 1965.

5 SHEETS--SHBBT 3,

-PAT-ENTED DEG. l0, 1907.

PATBNTED DEG. 10, 1907.

R. H. PIETZSGH. MIGROTOMB.

APPLICATION FILED JAN, 4, 190B.

E SHEETS-SHEET 4. Q I,

PATENTED DBC. 1o, 1907. R. H. PIETZSGH.

' MIGROTOME.

APPLIOATION FILED JAN. 4, 1905.v

5 SHEETS-SHEET 5.

RICHARD HERMANN PIETZSCH, OF iWASHINGTON, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

MICROTOME.

Specification of Letters Patent. l

Patented Dec. 10, 1907.

Application filed 'January 4, 1905. Serial No. 239.684-

To all whom it may concern.'

Be it known that I, RICHARD H. PIETZSCH, a citizen of the United States, residing at Washin ton, District of Columbia, have invented new and useful Im rovements in Microt'omes, 'of which the i ollowing is a specification. `This invention relates to the class of devices known as microtomes and employed in slicing material for use in preparing micro-` vsco 1c slides.

These instruments usually .Y em o dyin their general organization a knife I` block or holder, a carriage which includes an :iobjectV carrier or. table, and mechanism for #advancing the carrier toward the knife, the

mstruments being generally equipped with a kiriijployedgrespectively for maintaining 'the l' i e the proper horizontal orlhorizontally inclined. `positions for effecting what are known infrnicrotomy as parafhn and celloidin cuttings."..V l "Heretofore the knife holder em loyedl in parafn workghas been' susceptib e of ,but wol,adjus'trfrrei1ts,-` namely, for (varying ,1' the `ateral inclinatiom of ,the knifeand moving Sthejlatter toward Aandgfrom 'the object carrier,'\ while .thate'mplo ed.in.celloidin work ,'jhasffhad but githreeQa justments,viz. for varying vthe lateral-and longitudinal inclinagV tionsofthe-vlniife-andsetting the latter relative to the. carrier.;;/1The carrier as heretofore constructed hasl been adapted for but three adjustments,- namely, in a vertical lflic plane, in \a.horizontal plane transversely of the carriage, and in a plane for va ing the vertical angular position ofthe talii. The -mechanism for feeding or advancing the carriage toward-theiknife is, in rior instruments, defective in the matter o adjustment for feedin the carrier with absolute accuracy re etermined distances toward the knife or obtaining cuttings or sections of a uniform thickness, this being especially true in instances where great accuracy is to be preserved in preparin minutely thin slices. A further existing de ect resides in the fact that these feeding mechanisms fail to comprehend a positive and accurate adjustment whereby a comparatively high rate of s eed may bemaintamed in the operation o the instrument irrespective of the thicknesses of the cuttings. Y

One object of the present invention is to provide a knife block or holder which maybe `set for maintaining the knife in a horizontal airof ,interchangeable knife holders tobe plane, for paraffin work, or at a longitudinal inclination relative to the horizontal for 'celloidin work, thus obviating the necessity for equipping the instrument with a pair of interchangeable blocks, one"1 wherem the i lateral 'inclination of the knife from the vertical may be readily varied and the knife adjusted toward and from the object carrier,

and one having a movable clamp whereby 65 the active portion 0f the knife maybe regulated to accord with the degree of resistance offered by the material under treatment.

lAnother object of the inventionis to proj vide a carriage including an object carrier or 7p d table which .may be adjusted in a verticall plane, in a horizontal plane transverselyof .-li I' i the carriage, and in a plane'for varyingthe vertical inclination of the table, as in prior machines,.and in addition, one in which the table may, irres c ctive of the feeding mech, f A anism, be move ,toward or from theiknife to A. y* lthus obtain an initial adjustment; ofy the"` f parts relatively, and one wherein ahorizon-@f 'f tal' angular adjustment ofl the carrier is at` Y tainab e.

A'further object of the invention is to prdl vide lan improvedcarriage feeding mechan'-, ism which may be set for advancing the car-' I rier predetermined distances, one wherein! the predetermined movement will be auto-1 I matically effected with absolute accuracy,

and one in which a wider range of adjustments than heretofore for setting the feeding mechanism to control the advance` of the carrier is provided. v Other objects of the invention are to provide a manually operable means for attaming .an intermediate advance movement of the carriage and a second manual means for effecting a more rapid advance or a retrogrademovement of the latter, to provide a member -on the operating shaft for automatically actuating the feeding mechanism irrespective of the direction of rotation of the shaft and to effect improvements in various details embraced in the general organization of the instrument, especially in the adjustment of parts tov compensate for wear and to obviate lost motion.

With these and other objects in view, the invention comprises the novel features of construction and combination of parts more fully hereinafter described.

. ln the accompanying drawings, Figure l is a topplan View of a device embodying the invention. Fig'. 2 is a front side elevation of v the same Withthe wheel removed. Fig. 3 is a rear side elevation of the same. Fig. 4 is a vertical longitudinal section taken on the line 4-4 of Fig. 1. Fig. 5 is a vertical transverse section taken on the line 5-5 of Fig. 1 and viewed in the direction of the arrow. Fig. 6 is a vertical section taken on the line 6 6 of Fig. 1,looking in the direction of the arrow. Fig. 7 is a detail section taken on the line 7-7 of' Fig. 2. Fig. 8 is a detail plan vieuT of the mechanism for'setting the car- .riage feed. Fig. 9 is a reverse plan view of `the feed setting member.

Fig. 10`is ai'sectional plan, taken on the line 10-10 of Fi 2. Fig. 11 is a detail view of the adjustab e clamp embodied in the knife holder. Fig. 12

is a section of the adjustable clamp, taken on the line 12-12 of Fig. 11. Flg. 13 is a detail section taken on the line 13-13 of,

Fig.j4.

Referring'to the drawings, 1 designates a bed or support from which arises a vertical post or standard 2 provided with laterally extended beveled guide members or flanges 3 on which is mounted for vertical reciprocation a block or carriage 4 formed with a horizontal dovetailed guide or jaw 6 of which is removably `he d in place by means of screws or other fastening devices 7.

`Arranged for reciprocation within they guideway 5 is a horizontal ably dovetailed `to conform to the dovetai ed walls of the groove and provided with a central longitudinal opening 9 which telescopically receives a feeding or micrometer screw carriage 8, prefer- 10, on which latter is threaded an adjustable member. or collar 11 provided with a miter gear 12 and having bearing at one end against the carriage 8 and at the other end against a sleeve 13 threaded into a transverse forwardly projecting perforated ear 14 formed upon and adjacent the rear end of the block 8, the sleeve being fixed by means of a binding nut 15.

Mounted at the forward end of the carriage 8 is a vertically adjustable head-block 16 having a depending cylindrical stem 17 slidingly entered through a vertical opening in the carriage and adapted to be fixed against movement by means of a clamping member 18, there being formed at the ends of the block 16 a pair of spaced ears 19 carrying a cylindrical member or rod 20 extended in a direction transversely of the carriage 8.

Slidably mounted on the rod 20, for adjustment longitudinally thereof, is a block or head 21 havlng thereon a second clamping block 22 provided with an opening for the reception of the stem 23 of a table or carrier 24 on which the material to be treated is generally cemented by means of paraiiin or celloidin, attention being directed to the fact that the blocks 21 and 22 are split and. constitute clamping members acted upon by a oove 5, one

in the -orm of a block having its edges common clamping bolt 25 for fixing the block 21 on the rod 20 and the stem 2 34 against movement within the block 22. It is to be observed in this connection that a vertical ad`ustment of the table or carrier 24 is attainable through the medium of the stem 17 and clamping screw 18, While an adjustmentof the table in a horizontal plane transversely of the carriage is effected by movement of the block 21 longitudinally of the rod 20, the block being adapted for swinging movement on the rod to ermit of the table being adjusted at an inc 'nation relative to the vertical andv that in addition to these three adjustments which are common tol prior devices the table may be moved back and forth toward the lmife block through the longitudinal movement of the stem 23 within the block 22 whlle the latter may be rotated upon the stem of the screw 25 as an axis, thus to accomplish a horizontal angular adjustment of the table.

Fixed upon the rear end of the micrometer screw 10 is a 'worm gear 26 housed within a casingl 27 having at one side an opening through which the gear may be engaged by a vertical worm shaft 28 journaled for rotation in suitable bearings at the rear of the carriage block 4 and having .loose upon its lower end a disk or 'head 29 on which is pivoted a pawl 30 adapted for 4engagement with a circular ratchet 31, ,in turn fixed upon the lower end of the shaft, there being carried by the disk 29 and for movement therewith idly on the shaftfa pinion 32 in mesh with a segmental rack 33 pivoted for oscillation upon a post or axle 34 depending from the rear end of the horizontal portion 35 of a bracket carried by Vthe block 4,' said bracket having at its upper end an over-hanging portion or iiange 36 which constitutes the bearing for the upper end of the wormshaft 28.

Arranged upontheu perface of thebracket armA 35 is a pivote segmental gage 37 adapted for movement in a horizontal plane `by means of a rearwardly projecting fingerpiece 38 and having on its front edge, which curves in an arc concentric with the arc of the adjacent edge of the rack 33, a series of teeth designed for engagement by a pawl 39 whereby the -gage may be .locked against movement, there being indicated upon the upper face of the gage along its curved edge, a scale graduated in one two-thousandths of a millimeter, while at the zero end of said scale and depending from the lower face of the gage plate 1s a stop or abutment 40 havfor a purpose which will later appear.

Carried at the lower edge of the block 4 is a tubular member 42 constituting a guide having mounted for reciprocation therein a plunger 43 pivoted upon a wrist-pin 43 at the outer end of.a crank arm 44 fixed upon the inner end of an operating shaft 45 which in turn has fixed upon its outer end a handwheel 46 provided with a crank arm or handle 47, through the medium of which the shaft is rotated for actuating the crank arm 44 to reciprocate the plunger 43 within the guide, there being pivoted upon the front face of the block 4 the upper end of an oscillatory lever 48 having a downwardly and rearwardly beveled lower end 49 and connected adjacent its lower end by a ball and socket joint 50 with the forward end of a lunger rod or link 51, the rear end'of which 1s in adjustable screw-threaded engagement with a head 52, in turn having a ball'and socket connection 53 with the adjacent forwardly and rearwardlyT curved end of the rack 33. The rack 33, together with the link 51 and lever 48 are, in the operation of. the device, maintained in, andafter actuation returned to, their normal position by means of a spring 54 `engaged at one end with a stud 55 depending from the lower face of the rack and at its other end b y means of a screw or similar fastening device with the rear face of the block 4. A

Arising from the base 1 at a point in advance of, and arranged in alinement with, the carriage, is a pair of posts or standards 56 which supports a horizontal shaft or rod 57 on which is mounted for rotation and for sliding movement longitudinallyof the shaft a knife block 58 split at its lower end beneath ,the shaft to present a pair of clamping members 59 which receive and coperate with a transverse clamping screw 60 for fixing the block against movement, there. being pro-v vided on the shaft a longitudinal gage mark or line 61 which may be,brought into register with the graduations of a scale 62 providedA on the lmb of the block for indicating the angular degree to which the latter may in practice be rotated, for a purpose which will more fully hereinafter appear. Extending through the block 58 at right angles to the shaft 57 and in a direction transversely of the carriage 8, is a normally horizontal rotary bar or .shaft 63 which carries a pair of knife-receivlng members or jaws 64, 65 in which a knife 66 is clamped by means of'set-screws 67, the jaw 64 being fixed upon the shaft, and the g jaw 65 adjustable longitudinally thereof and ",adapted to be retained in its adjusted position by means of a `set-screw 68, while the :rod 63 may be fixed against rotation within the knife block and also against longitudinal sliding movement by means of a set-screw 69.

The rod 63 is provided throughout a portion of its length with a flattened face 70 and said portion of the rod has fitted thereon the split ring or collar of a pointer 71 which is t us adapted for rotation with the rod and for cooperation with a graduated scale 72 on the adjacent face of the block 58 to indicate the degree of rotation ofthe latter for varyin the lateral inclination of the knife 66. It

wil be observed that the knife may, owing to the movement of the block longitudinally of the shaft, be approached toward or from the table or carrier 24 and its lateral inclination relative to the vertical face of the table varied by rotation of the shaft 63 within the knife block, while at the same time the inclination of the knife from the horizontal and in a direction of its length for use in effecting what are known as celloidin cuttings, is rendered feasible through the rotation of the block upon the shaft 57, and furthermore, that the length of the active portion of the knife or that extending between the jaws 64, 65 may be varied to accord with the degree of resistance offered by the material under treatment by moving the adjustable jaw 65 toward or from the jaw 64. It may be well to mention that owing to the block being adapted for the various adjustments noted, a single block serves to hold the knife in the horizontal position which' is customary when preparing paraffin cuttings or at an inclination relative to the horizontal for attaining the shearing action necessary in preparing celloidin cuttings and thus dispensing with one of the blocks with which these instruments are generally equipped; Y

In practice, the knife holder or block having been properly adjusted for presenting the knife at the desired lateral inclination andV in a horizontal or diagonal position, as the case may be, and the material carrier or table 24 brought to the proper initial adjustment relative to the knlfe, the gage 37 is set to accord with the desired thickness of the slices or cuttings and the operating shaft 45 rotated through the medium of the crank wheel. As the shaft rotates, the guide block 43 travels back and forth in the guide-way 42 and `at each rearward movement the wrist-pin 43 contacts with the free end of the lever 48 and rides beneath the lower beveled end 49 of the latter, thereby, through the medium of the plunger rod or link 51, rack 33, and pinion 32, rotating the worm shaft 28 which .in turn, through its engagement with the worm gear 26, actuates the micrometer screw 10 for advancing the carriage 9 and carrier 24 toward the knife, it being particularly noted that in setting the gage 37 the stop 4() is set for controlling the degree of movement or throw of the rack 33 whereby the latter imparts a greater or lesser rotation to the worm shaft, which in turn acts through the worm wheel for imparting a higher or lower speed to the micrometer screw and consequently to the carriage 9. For example, if the gage be set for cutting very thin slices, the stop will limit the rack to a short stroke and the worm and micrometer screw will be rotated at a correspondingly slow rate of speed, which will be increased pro ortionately to accord with the setting of t e gage for thicker slices. Furthermore, the carriage will, upon each stroke of the lunger 51, be advancedautomatically and with absolute accurac a predetermined distance governed by the setting of the gage 37, while at the same time each revolution Qf the shaft serves to elevate the material on the carrier 24 above the knife, advance the carrier the proper predetermined distance and move the carrier downward past the knife to effect the desired'cutting'. It will therefore be observed that the gage having been roperly set, slices of uniform thickness will)be prepared with erfect accuracy as rapidly as desired, accor( ing to the speed of rotation of the shaft 45, and'this irrespective of the direction of rotation of the shaft inasmuch as the feeding. mechanism is actuated through .contact of the pin 43 with the lever 48. During the outward or forward stroke of the rack 33 the pinion 32 is operatively clutched to the worm 28 through engagement of the pawl 30 with the ratchet 31, while u on the inward or return stroke of the rack tlhe pawl rides freely over the teeth of the ratchet and the pinion moves idl upon the worm shaft.

ixed upon the upper Iend of the shaft 28 is a milled nut 73, by which the shaft may be manually rotated for effecting a more rapid advance of the carriage 9 than can be attained through the medium of the auto-VA matically operable mechanism heretofore described, there being provided on the nut a flange 74 carrying a graduated scale 75 which coperates with a pointer mark 76 for predeterminately gaging the degree of movement of 'the carriage, which latter may also be either advanced at a higher rate of speedI toward or retracted from the knife by means of a manually operated stub shaft 77 journaled for rotation within a bearing or sleeve 78 carried by the carriage, there being fixed on the outer end of the shaft and for operating the same a milled nut' 79 and on its inner end a miter gear 80 in mesh with the gear 12 on the collar 11, which latter also bears upon its peripheral face a graduated scale 81 designed to coperate with a fixed pointer 82 provided on the carriage for determining thev degree of movement of the latter, it being here mentioned that the scale 81 is graduated in one-hundredths of a millimeter and that the shaft 77 is geared direct with the collar 11 for acting directly therethrough upon the screw 10, while the other carriage operating mechanisms act through the worm 28 and worm gear 26.

The milled nut 73, which is detachably secured upon the upper end of the shaft 28 by means of a screw 83, may be readily removed to permit access to be had to an adjustable bearing 84 threaded through the fiange 36 and normally locked against movement'by a socket 98 formed in the knife means of a claniping nut85, the parts 84 and 85 being opera le to com ensate for wear between the bearing 84 an a semi-spherical bearing 86-formed upon the shaft thusto obviate looseness or lost motion of the latter, while upon the rear end ofthe screw 10 there is formed aball head 87 on which the worm gear 26 is fixed and which is engaged at opposite sides of the gear by socketed adjustable bearings 88 threaded through the walls of the casing 27 and operable for takingup wear on the' screw and gear to maintain the latter in proper alinement with the worm shaft, the bearings 88 being normally fixed by locking nuts 89.- Aside from these adjustments, which are designed to preserve accuracy in the operation of the instrument, the sleeve 13 may, through its threaded engagement with the bracket 14, be adjusted to compensate for wear upon the bearings of the part 11 and locked in its adjusted positions through the medium of the nut 15, while-the plunger rod 51 may, owing to its threaded engagement with the head 52, be adjusted in the matter of length to compensate f or lost motion between the lever 48 and l rack 33 and to maintain the proper bearing between the parts of the ball and socket joint 50, there bemg' tap ed into the rear end of the head 52 an adjustable bearing 90 by which wear between the parts of the ball and socket joint 53 may be compensated for.

Within the shaft receiving opening of the movable jaw 65 of the knife holder there is secured, by means of a screw 91, a clamping member or plate 92 having its outer active face flattened to conform to the flattened face of the shaft 63, this plate being acted upon by a set-screw 93 for clam ing the jaw in osition upon the shaft, as w1 be readily understood, while the head or ring 94 of the pointer 71 is formed with a shaft receiving opening having a flattened face conforming to that of the shaft 63, the head being seated in-a slot or kerf 95 within the knife block 58 whereby,'as the shaft 63 is moved back and Aforth through the latter for attaining the its proper position against the adjacent side face of the knife block.

The clamping screw 69 is securedonto the threaded stem 96 of a cylindricalclamping member or plug 97 slidably dis osed within lock 58 and having a transverse opening 99 through which the shaft 63 extends and which may aline with the shaft receiving opening in the block, while upon the stem 96 there is arranged a collar or washer 100 to bear on the adjacent front face of the block and on which washer the inner end of the screw 69 in turn bears, it being a parent that upon rotation of the screw to t e right, the plug 97 will be drawn into the socket, thus tending to nonaline with the shaft receiving o ening and apply pressure on and clamp the s aft against movement and this' without mutilating or causing any ap reciable wear u on the shaft.

Pivoted at tige upper end of t e guide post 2 upon a vertical screw or axle 101 is arotary 4turn-button or stop member 102 formed at its lower end with 'a horizontal portion or flange 103 normally seated in a socket 104 Within the standard, this button being adapted for rotation to bring the flange in position for contact with the upper edge of the block 4 to limit the upper vertical movement of the latter and consequently check the operation of the instrument.`

From the fore oino' it is apparent that I have roduced aiglily perfected device admirab y adapted for the attainment ofthe ends in view, it being understood that various changes in the details herein set forth may be resorted to without departing from the spirit of theinvention.

I-Iavinff thus fully described the invention, what is ctlaimed as new, is:

1. In a microtome, the combination of a vertically reciprocating carriage, an object holder mounted thereon, a knife, and a movable means on which the knife is supported, said means being adjustable toward or away from the holder and about two angularly disposed horizontal axes.

2. In a microtome, the combination of a carriage, an object holder movably supported on the holder, a feed mechanism for advanc` ing the holder, and common means for reciprocating the carriage with the holder and for actuating the feed mechanism, with a movably su ported knife disposed with its length aralle to the holder, and a mounting for the life for adjusting the same on two angularly disposed axes and laterally'toward or away from the said holder.

3. In a microtome, the combination of a reciprocating object holder, a knife, a rod, jaws relatively adjustable on the rod, means for clamping the knife in the jaws, and a mounting for the -rod permitting lateral bodily movement of the rod.

4. In a microtome, the combination of a movable object holder, a stationary knife, a shaft disposed at right angles to the line of movement of the holder, -and means laterally and angularly adjustable on the shaft for su porting the knife.

5. Ipn a microtome, the combination of a reci rocating object holder, a stationary kni e, a stationary element disposed at right angles to the line of movement of the holder, a mounting adjustable angularly and longitudinally of the element, a second element adjustably supported in the mounting and disposed at right angles to the rst element, and means for supporting the knife on the second element.

6. In a microtome, the combination of an object holder mounted for reciprocation, a stationary knife, a fixed element disposed below the knife, a mounting adjustable angularly and longitudinally of the element, means for clamping the mounting in fixed position, a second element disposed above the first and at right angles thereto, means for clamping the element in the mounting, jaws mounted on the second element, and means for adjustably supporting the knife in the jaws.

7. In a microtome, a knife, an object carrier, one of said arts being movable toward and from the other, `and mechanism for automaticallyy advancing the movable part pre# determined distances, said mechanism including manually operated means for advancing or retracting said part, and means for gaging the-manual movement.

8. In a microtome, a knife, anobject carrier, one of said parts being movable toward the other, mechanism including a worm for automatically advancing the movable part predetermined distances, said worm being adapted for manual operation to `advance the part, for fine adjustment, and manual means for actuating the said movable part for ra id adjustment.

9. n a mlcrotome, a knife, an object carrier, one of said parts being movable toward the other, mechanism including a. worm for automatically advancing the movable part predetermined distances, said worm being adapted for manual operation to advance the part, and means for gaging the manual operation of the worm.

10. In a microtome, a knife, anobject carrier, one of said parts being movable toward the. other, a micrometer screw operatively engaged with and for operating the movable part, mechanism including a main operating shaft for automatically rotating the screw, a threaded member rotatable on the latter to actuate the said movable part and provided with a gear, and a manually o erable stub shaft having .a gear in mesh wlth the member and adapted, through the medium of the latter, to rotate the member.

11. In a microtome, the combination of a reciprocating carriage, an object holder, a member disposed arallel with the ath of reciprocation of t e carriage, a b ock in which the member is vertically and angularly adjustable, means for feeding the block, a horizontal member laterally and angularly adjustable on the first member, and a third member sup orting the object holder on the second mem er.

12. In a microtome, the combination of a support, a longitudinally and angularly adjustable member clamped therein, a body fixed on the member, a-second member longitudinally and angularly adjustable in the body and disposed at ri ht angles to the first member, a third mem er disposed in the plane parallel vvith the second member and at right angles thereto and mounted for longitudinal and angular adjustment in said body, and an object holder secured to the -third member.

13. In a microtome, a knife, a movable carriage, mechanism for advancin the, carriage toward the knife, a vertical y adjustable obj ect carrier sustained by the carriage, said carrier being adapted for horizontal adjustment transversely of the carriage for adjustment toward and from the knife independently of the carriage and at a horizontal inclination, and a common means for fixing the carrier in its various adjustments.

14. In a microtome, a support, a knife holder pivoted thereon for rotation in adirection transversely of the support, means for securing a knife in the holder, means for indicating the rotary movement of the holder to set the knife at predetermined inclina* tions, and means for fixing the holder against movement.

ing a knife in tle hold1j1lle latter being rotatable on the support for angularly adjusting the knife, and a scale on the holder for' cooperation with the indicatormark to indicate such angular adjustment.

17. In a microtome, an object carrier, a support in advance thereof, a knife block pivoted for rotation on the support, an arm movable throu h the knife block'in a direction transverse y of the carrier, and a pair of knife clamps on the arm, one of said clamps being adjustable longitudinally of the latter.

18. -In `a microtome, a support, a knife block rotatively mounted thereon, means for ixin the block against rotation, an arm slida le through' the block, a pair of knife holders on the arm, the latter being rotatable for varying the lateral inclination vof the knife,.and means for fixing the arm against movement.

19. In amicrotome, a support, a knife block rotatable thereon, means for fixing the block against movement, a longitudinally slidable arm carried by the block, a pair of knife holders on the arm, one of said holders being adjustable longitudinally of the arm and the latter rotatable for varying the lateral inclination of the knife, 'and means for fixing the arm against movement.

In testimony whereof, I aflix my signature in presence of two Witnesses.

RICHARD HERMANN PIETZSCH. Witnesses F. S. ELMoRE, G. M. BOND.

ward and from the carrier, means for secur- 

